Carbon Emissions in the Production of Typical Enamel Frits: A Comparative Analysis of Anhydrous Borax and Borax Pentahydrate's Impacts

TANG S. 1, YIN L. 1, LI J. 1, FANG J. 1, YAO Z. 2, MORAVEJ M. 2, SHI S. 2

1 Sinopigment & Enamel Chemicals Ltd., Xiangtan, Hunan, China; 2 Rio Tinto U.S. Borax, Shanghai, China

This study focuses on the carbon emissions in the production of typical enamel frits and examines the effects of anhydrous borax and borax pentahydrate. By following the cradle-to-gate approach and relevant ISO standards, the carbon footprints of two enamel frit products were calculated. The results indicate that the raw materials are among the key contributors to the total carbon emissions of enamel frit production. Substituting borax pentahydrate with anhydrous borax in the production of one of the frit formulations reduces the overall carbon emissions, despite the higher cradle-to-gate carbon emissions from anhydrous borax production. This research provides insights for the enamel frits industry in its efforts towards carbon reduction.

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Keywords: enamel frit, carbon footprint (CFP), anhydrous borax, borax pentahydrate